agricultural technology: Fertilizing and conditioning the soil

Soil fertility is the quality of a soil that enables it to provide compounds in adequate amounts and proper balance to promote growth of plants when other factors (such as light, moisture, temperature, and soil structure) are favourable. Where fertility of a soil is not good, natural or manufactured materials may be added to supply the needed plant nutrients; these are called fertilizers, although the term is generally applied to largely inorganic materials other than lime or gypsum. Fertilizer grade is a conventional expression that indicates the percentage of plant nutrients in a fertilizer; thus, a 10–20–10 grade contains 10 percent nitrogen, 20 percent phosphoric oxide, and 10 percent potash. The green plant, however, requires more nutrients than these.

The kidney removes wastes from the body by separating them from the blood and forming urine. In this process many substances are  ….
Some physiological  characteristics, such as the mechanisms that regulate the acidity of the blood or its sugar level, are adequate ….
Progeria is an extremely rare disease of early childhood characterized by many of the superficial aspects of aging, such as ….
Agis IV was  born c. 263 BC and died 241 BC He was a Spartan king (244–241) who failed in his attempt to reform Sparta’s economic and political …..
The most outstanding psychological features of aging are the impairment in short-term memory and the lengthening of
Agis II was king of Sparta after about 427 BC who commanded all operations of the regular army during most of the ….
Agis III was a Spartan king from 338–331 who rebelled unsuccessfully against Alexander the Great. He died in 331 BC..
Agitprop,  abbreviated from Russian agitatsiya propaganda (agitation propaganda), is a  political strategy in which the techniques of agitation and propaganda ….
Aglauros, in Greek mythology, is the eldest daughter of the Athenian king Cecrops. Aglauros died with her sisters by leaping in fear ….
Agnano is a volcanic crater in  Napoli provincia, Campania regione,  southern Italy. It is situated in the Campi Flegrei  ….
Agnathan are any of the class Agnatha of primitive, jawless fishes that includes the lampreys and hagfishes (order Cyclostomata), as well …
Giovanni Agnelli was born on March 12th, 1921 in  Turin, Italy and died on January 24th, 2003 also in Turin …
Umberto Agnelli was born on November 1st, 1934 at Lausanne, Switzerland. he is an Italian automotive executive and grandson of Giovanni …
Agnes Of Poitou was born c. 1024 AD and died on  December 14th, 1077 in Rome [Italy]. She was also called …
Agnes Scott College is a private institution of higher education for women in Decatur, Georgia, U.S. A liberal arts college allied ..
Saint Agnes flourished in the 4th century in  Rome,Italy. She was virgin and patron saint of girls, who is one of the most celebrated Roman martyrs. …
Maria Gaetana Agnesi was born on May 16th, 1718 in  Milan, Habsburg crown land [now in Italy] and died on January 9th 1799 also in Milan ….
Spiro T.Agnew was born on November 9th 1918 in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. and died on September 17th, 1996 at Berlin, Maryland. His full ….
Agni  (Sanskrit: “Fire”) is a fire-god of the Hindus, second only to Indra in the Vedic mythology of ancient India. He is equally the fire  ..
Shiv Narayan Agnihotri was born in 1850 nearKānpur inIndia and died in 1923 inLahore [now inPakistan]. He was the Hindu founder of an atheistic …..

Mulch tillage in agriculture technology

Mulch tillage has been mentioned already; in this system, crop residues are left on the surface, and subsurface tillage leaves them relatively undisturbed. In dry-land areas, a maximum amount of mulch is left on the surface; in more humid regions, however, some of the mulch is buried. Planting is accomplished with disk openers that go through several inches of mulch. Since mulch decomposition may deprive the crop of nitrogen, extra fertilizer is often placed below the mulch in humid areas. In rainy sections, inter-cropping extends the protection against erosion provided by mulches.
Intercrops are typically small grains or sod crops such as alfalfa or clover grown between the rows of a field crop that reach maturity shortly after the field crop has been established and furnish mulch cover for a long time.

If growth of the intercrop competes with the main crop for moisture and nutrients, that growth may be killed at seeding time or soon thereafter by undercutting with sweeps.

Tillage in dry areas must make maximum use of scanty rainfall. The lister (double-mold board) plow, or middle-breaker, is here used to make water-impounding ridges that promote infiltration.
. Agasias flourished in the 1st century BC in  Ephesus [now in Turkey] . He was a sculptor of Ephesus, known for his “Borghese Warrior,” a statue of … And just see this  The Adelphi University is a private, co-educational Institution…Louis Agassiz was born on  May 28th, 1807 at Motier, Switzerland and died on  December 14th, 1873 in….. In 1846 Louis  Agassiz visited the United States for the general purpose of studying natural history and geology there but … Adelaer was born on December 16th 1622, in Brevik, Norway and died on November 5th, 1675, in Copenhagen, Denmark … The Adelaide River is a river in north-western Northern Territory, Australia, rising in the hills west of Brock’s …  Saint Adelaide was born in the year 931 and died on feast day December 16th 999 in Seltz, Alsace …  Adelantado (Spanish: “one who goes before”), is representative of the kings of Castile (Spain) who in the early European …. Adelard Of Bath flourished in the 12th century AD. He was an English Scholastic philosopher and early interpreter of Arabic scientific knowledge … The Adélie Coast, also called Adélie Land, is part of the coast of Wilkes Land in eastern Antarctica, extending from Claire Coast   …..  Adamsite is, in chemical warfare, a sneeze gas developed by the United States and used during World War I. Adamsite is an arsenical … George Ade was born on February 9th 1866 in Kentland, Indiana, U.S.A. and died on May 16th, 1944, in Brook, Indiana ….  Adela was born, it is thought, around the year 1062 and died in 1137 …..  Because  Louis Agassiz was beyond question one of the ablest, wisest, and best informed of the biologists …  Alexander Agassiz was born on December 17th, 1835 at  Neuchâtel in Switzerland. He died on March 27th, 1910, at sea ….  Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz was born on December 5th, 1822 in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. She died on June 27th, 1907 at Arlington Heights ….  Lake Agassiz is the largest of the ice-marginal lakes that once covered what are now parts of Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan in Canada ….  The Agate Fossil Beds National Monument is a natural “depository” of an extinct animal community on the Niobrara River in north-western Nebraska …..   Agateware, in pottery, is 18th-century ware of vari-coloured clay, with an overall marbled effect. It was sometimes called solid agate to distinguish … James Agate was born on September 9th, 1877 T  Pendleton in Lancashire, England. He died on June 6th, 1947 in London. He was ….…

Minimum tillage in agriculture technology

The use of cropping systems with minimal tillage is usually desirable, because intensive tillage tends to break down soil structure. Techniques such as mulching also help prevent raindrops from injuring the surface structure. Excessive tillage leaves the soil susceptible to crusting, impedes water intake, increases run-off, and thus reduces water storage for crop use. Intensive vegetable production in warm climates where three crops per year may be grown on the same land may reduce the soil to a single-grain structure that facilitates surface cementation and poor aeration.

The loosening and granulating actions of plowing may improve soil structure if the plowing is done when the moisture content is optimum; if not so timed, however, plowing can create unfavourable structure. The lifting and inversion of the furrow slice likewise may not always be desirable, because in many cases it is better to leave a trashy surface.

The concept of minimum tillage has received much attention. One type of minimum tillage consists in seeding small grain in sod that has been relatively undisturbed. Narrow slits are cut in the sod and seed and fertilizer placed in the breaks thus formed. Soil normally subject to erosion can be planted to grain this way while still retaining the erosion resistance of the sod. The technique has been successful in preparing winter grazing in southeastern portions of the United States. In another type of minimum tillage, the land is broken and planted without further tillage in seed-bed preparation. One approach involves breaking the land and planting seeds in the tractor tracks (wheel-track planting); the tractor weight crushes clods and leaves the seed surrounded by firm soil. Another method consists of mounting a planter behind the plow, thus planting without further traffic and leaving a loose seed-bed that is satisfactory in areas where post planting rains may be heavy. In some areas, where winter rain often comes after wheat is drilled, a rotation of wheat following peas has been successful. After the peas have been harvested, the field is rough plowed, and fall wheat is then drilled in directly. All these methods minimize expense and land preparation, tending to leave the soil rough, which reduces erosion and increases water intake. Somewhat similar systems are employed with row crops, where chemical weed control assists in reducing need for cultivation.

And more to read The Adangme  And here’s something to read  Michel Adanson  And here’s something to peruse  Adapa (0092 login) Agathias was born c. 536 AD in Myrina, Aeolis, Asia Minor and died c. 582 AD. He was a Byzantine poet and author of a history, covering part  …. And look at this  Adat is the name for the customary law   Moreover, take a look at this  Adaptation is,  in biology  And see this  Adat is the name for the customary   And more to look at  Kareen Fleur Adcock   And more to read  The Adda River And here’s something to read  Charles Addams   And here’s something to peruse  Jane Addams And look at this  Addax, (species Addax nasomaculatus), …. Moreover, take a look at this  the adder is any of several venomous snakes ….And see this Fleur Adcock  was born on February 10th 1934 in Papakura, New Zealand …  Addis Ababa, also spelled Addis Abeba, is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is located on a well-watered plateau …And more to read  Addison is a county in western Vermont …. And here’s something to read  Christopher Addison was 1st Viscount, Baron Addison Of  Stallingborough … And here’s something to peruse   Addison Disease is also called hypocortisolism or chronic adrenal insufficiency And look at this   Joseph Addison was born on May 1st, 1672 in Milston, Wiltshire, England…… Moreover, take a look at this  Thomas Addison was born in April 1793 at Longbenton, Northumberland…. And see this   the-addition-reaction is any of a class of chemical reactions in which an  atom or group…..

Acaraí Mountains

The Acaraí Mountains, also spelled Acarahy, or Akarai, are found in the Portuguese Serra Acaraí, a low range on the border of Brazil (Pará state) and southern Guyana. The mountains, which rise to about 2,000 feet (600 m) above sea level, run in an east–west direction for about 80 miles (130 km) and form part of the northern watershed of the Amazon Basin. The whole area is covered with dense tropical rain forest and was mapped by satellite in the late 1970s.

And here’s something to read   Hannah Adams  And here’s something to peruse  Henry Adams And look at this   Herbert Baxter Adams   Moreover, take a look at this  John Adams And see this  John Couch Adams And more to look at  John Quincy Adams  And more to read  Leonie  Adams And here’s something  to read   Louisa  Adams  And here’s something to peruse  Marian Adams And look at this   Maude  Adams Moreover, take a look at this  Robert Adams ….   Roger Adams was born on January 2nd, 1889 in Boston, USA and died on July 6th, 1971 in Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A.  …  Samuel Adams was born September 27th 1722 in Boston, USA and died on October 2nd, 1803 also in Boston …  Samuel Hopkins Adams was born on January 26th, 1871 at  Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A. He died on  November 15th, 1958 in Beaufort, South Carolina. …. Walter Adams was born on Decemer 20th 1876 in Syria. He died on May 11th, 1956 at  Pasadena, Calififornia, U.S.A. He was an  …  William Adams was born in 1564 at  Gillingham in Kent, England. He died on May 16th, 1620, in Japan. He was a navigator, merchant-a …………And look at this 0087 Adams, William Taylor    Moreover, take a look at this  Adana    Agarwālā  is an important mercantile caste in India, belonging to that group of merchants, bankers, landowners, and shopkeepers that are called Bania  … Joy and George Adamson were  wife-and-husband  conservationists who pioneered the movement to preserve African wildlife ……………..